The Issue Of Child Labour In China Free Essay Example, 11000 words

In China, child labor has come to the attention of human rights organizations as well as international bodies in recent years. In April 2006, the International Labour Organisation(ILO) published a report entitled the End of Child Labour: Within Reach. The report indicated that there had been an 11 percent decrease in child labor worldwide over the previous four years. However, because of the failure of the Chinese government to publish any meaningful statistics on child labor, the report admitted that it was impossible to know whether or not there has been a similar trend in China (ILO, 2006). Indeed, research by the China Labour Bulletin (CLB) indicates however that child labor has not been reduced in any significant degree. On the contrary, it has now become an increasingly serious social problem in urgent need of redress (CLB, 2007). According to a UNICEF report of May 2006, there were 218 million children engaged in child labor worldwide in 2004 (excluding child domestic labor), more than half of whom are believed to be engaged in hazardous work These children are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and abuse(UNICEF, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue Of Child Labour In China or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As is the case with other regions of the world, child labor is hardly a new phenomenon in China. In fact, according to Watson (1980), until 1949, China had one of the largest and most comprehensive markets for the change of human beings in the world. In particular, he noted how, until early in the twentieth century, Chinese coal and tin mines relied heavily on child labor, especially from boy slaves purchased by mine owners (Watson, 1981). Since the 1949 revolution, although traditional slavery and related practices have been in sharp decline, child labor has increased (Watson, 1981). According to Hardy (2007), there are currently more than 12 million child laborers in China. These are usually to be found in low-level service positions or in labor-intensive industries. According to the Bureau of International Labour Affairs with the US Department of Labour, the accurate estimate of children working in China is not available.

Is It Illegal For A Child As A Form Of Discipline Essay

Is it illegal in Australia to slap or smack a child as a form of discipline? Should it be? In Australia it is legal to smack children as a form of discipline, however this is something that should be seriously looked at, as it can lead to severe consequences, such as psychological damage, through parents abusing their children. On the other hand, there is a need to discipline children, but this can be achieved through alternative punishments, rather than parents resorting to a scornful slap. The common idea in this country is that, it is okay to smack children as a form of discipline, however this brutish idea needs to change before more instances of child cruelty are brought to light. The idealistic approach to smacking in this country is that parents are entitled to resort to corporal punishment when attempting to discipline their children. Anonymous (2006) ‘The Australian Childhood Foundation says it s been shocked by its new survey that shows almost 70 per cent of parents’ support smacking their children. Almost half the 750 adults surveyed believe it s reasonable to smack hard enough to leave a mark.’ In an Australian legal context, the Australian institute of family studies (2014) website states: ‘The criminal defence of reasonable chastisement used by way of correction exists (or has existed) in many countries. Such a defence allows a parent or person acting in loco parentis (that is, in place of a parent, for example, a teacher, carer or guardian) charged withShow MoreRelatedSmacking Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagessmacking their child should be illegal. Smacking children, in our modern society, is nothing but an ineffective form of discipline. It is actually a violation of the human rights of the child. Furthermore it has potential to cause intellectual and physiological harm towards the child. My first argument towards making smacking illegal is the fact that smacking is simply not an effective form of punishment. Many parents see smacking as the only method to convey there message and discipline. But the realityRead More Parent Support Groups Can Reduce Child Abuse Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagesproperly teach and discipline their children. As a result, out of pure frustration, parents lash out physically and/or verbally. Hitting a child or yelling at one has detrimental long-term effects. Parents-to-be need to be given strategies for dealing with discipline issues. Support groups should also offer parent training. When parents have had a hard day, whether due to work, family, or other persons or events, they tend to lash out without a thought at the misbehaving child. The parent lets hisRead MoreShould Child Discipline On A Physical Level?1462 Words   |  6 PagesIs it illegal to slap or smack a child as a form of discipline? Should it be? With the changing of times questions are being raised whether or not smacking or slapping a child is right or wrong by todays standards, This essay is going to argue why child discipline on a physical level should not only been illegal but why the country as a whole needs to ban it. As of the current point in time there are currently no laws making slapping, smacking or striking a child â€Å"illegal†. The only law that isRead MoreShould We Ban Smack Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pagesguys for one question: Have you ever got smacked by your parents when you are a little child? If you have, please put your hands up. Alright, it seems everyone has been smacked before, so have I. A black and white picture of a cross father spanking a little boy who is crying on his knees could be described by people as the â€Å"bad old days†. Disciplinary action such as a smack on a child’s bottom is not illegal in Australia and it’s now viewed as â€Å"barbaric†. As a result, children get hurt. Many ofRead MoreIs Discipline A Child Abuse?969 Words   |  4 PagesIs Discipline Child Abuse? What does the word child abuse mean in your own words? Some people believe child abuse includes neglect, punishment, physical or emotional maltreatment. Child abuse is all over the world. Every day a child is either abused or neglected. Since the late 1900’s child abuse was commonly used in the United States (Gale). Now it is slowly coming to its ending point. Since 1992, only two states, Delaware and Oklahoma, have experienced consistent increases today. Is disciplineRead More Spanking Your Child is NOT Necessary Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesSpanking Your Child is NOT Necessary Spanking your child has created a firestorm of debate among parents and non-parents alike. There appears to be only two sides to the argument, those for and those against. Each offers evidence to support their case, and both sides are fervent in there beliefs. There are many parenting books, classes, and articles on the internet to help people through the process of becoming a parent. Each has there own take on discipline, but most I have read are againstRead MoreThe Controversy Around Corporal Punishment1257 Words   |  6 Pagescords, smacking, and etcetera. Those who are in favor of corporal punishment and believes that it should not be illegal, uses scriptures from the bible as justification. Supporters of corporal punishment feels as if spanking is an effective way to manage behavior. Those who are against spanking points out the negative, psychological issues, and mental disorders associated with whipping a child. This issue matters and is important to comprehend because sp anking can lead to physical abuse, affect self-esteemRead MoreWhen Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse?1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse? In this report, I concentrated my research on the fine line between physical discipline and child abuse, with emphasis on spanking vs. not spanking and its effects on children. Included are research from statistics, opposing views and arguments, advocates’ and Department of Children and Families’ position. The use of corporal punishment, or spanking, as a form of parental discipline is a controversial topic. Adults who remember being spankingRead MoreDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Words   |  4 PagesDiscipline or Abuse? A Thin Line Revealed A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face, knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it, then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â€Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people oftenRead MoreDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Words   |  4 Pages Discipline or Abuse? A Thin Line Revealed A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â€Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people

Building Strengths and Capabilities

Question: Discuss about the Building Strengths and Capabilities. Answer: Community Engagement: Building Strengths and Capabilities Child Fund Australia is among the renowned communal organizations in Australia operating under the Child Fund Alliance which composes of about twelve international associations. Recently, the Child Fund Alliance has been able to provide aid to approximately 15 million children beneficiaries in different national backgrounds. Teacher training, equipping social amenities, such as learning institutions, hospitals, and offering other social facilities like motivational schemes comprise the primary activities undertaken by Child Fund Australia. This essay serves various purposes in evaluating the internal intricacies of this establishment in the light of its human resources, support requirements among other particulars regarding the sustainability of Child Fund Australia Association. Potential for Sustainability Sustainability suggests an incessant or the capacity of an organization to maintain its mission and vision in a particular setting (Roseland, 2012). This terminology often has various primary constituents depending on the context, but in this case, we shall focus on three of them, namely, economy, society, and the environment. Each and every undertaking at Child Fund Australia is thoroughly controlled and assessed in a systematic manner to ensure efficiency of operations. For the past few years, this activity monitoring strategies have enabled the establishment to maintain and even develop its major responsibilities in the community. Financial resources at Child Fund Australia are well apportioned and managed to ensure that transparency and openness prevail (Jean-Franc?Ois, 2015).This association has been categorized as among the Australian organizations leading in providing critical issues of sustainability while using the most minimum communal resources. Due to this aspect and amon g other notable sustainability mechanisms employed at Child Fund Australia, both domestic and foreign supporters have come on board to augment its present and prospective sustainability measures further. Also, both state and federal government regimes have come in to assist in expanding the benevolent nourishment and sustenance of this institution. Need for Volunteers Point out, volunteer activities involve those undertakings an individual or an organization carries out without any expectation of financial compensation (Duguid, Mundel Schugurensky, 2013, p. 175). Ideally, every institution aiming at providing public aids is often in dire need of volunteers and therefore Child Fund Australia is not an exception (Musick Wilson, 2008). The establishment requires individual volunteers to provide official responsibilities at various localities for example at Sydney offices. While at such premises volunteers are expected to carry out professional duties such as budgeting, filing, data entry among others (Atkison, 2008). The volunteers play a crucial role in the success of any community organization and as such Child Fund Australia has automated their support by facilitating online contacts between them and the unpaid service providers. In overall, volunteer activities have helped significantly in cutting off operation expenditures thus strengthening t he competitive edge of the institution. Treatment of Volunteers versus Paid Employees It is imperative to address issues surrounding the welfare of compensated and non-compensated service providers in a very vigilant manner (Wittich, 2013). Individual development of the two parties for instance through training ought to be administered in consideration of their duties and level of performance they conduct. However, despite the disparities, both paid employees and volunteers should be treated with reverence since they are all aligned to the top goals of the institution. In the same breath, it is vital to offer similar incentives and benefits to all service providers regardless of whether they are volunteers or paid workers. This norm will go a long way aiding Child Fund Australia in ensuring impartiality, fairness, and objectivity while handling its critical success factor; human resources. Besides, it will work in strengthening the cordial relationships between volunteers and compensated workforces resulting in robust teamwork and outstanding performance. Point of Differentiation within the Community Gallagher, (2008) in his work maintains that differentiation or categorizing of community members in accordance with their unique attributes assist in maximizing their societal productivity. Child Fund Australia has been reported to have introduced grouping stratagems meant to differentiate community members so as to align all of them towards attaining the goalmouths of the association. Also, practical identification and grouping schemes are employed to distinguish the most vulnerable members deemed to be in greater need of the services offered by the organization. Society members are categorized by use of various parameters such as age, gender, health status, social and economic status and so forth (Stebbins Graham, 2004, p. 21). Such differentiation mechanisms often help an institution in identifying diverse classes of individuals with different talents, needs, and wants. Active and negative issues regarding the Sustainability of the Organization The principle of sustainability in every social initiative forms a critical success factor and therefore Child Fund Australia ought to bring into line all its decisions, practices, and actions to this standard (Soyka, 2012).The establishment always keeps in touch with all its stakeholders through automated systems such as social media platforms in an attempt to augment and sustain their stern and robust support for the feasibility of the organization. Besides, the institution keeps up-to-date information and records putting all concerned parties on the same page. Daily, weekly, monthly, and annual reports are provided consistently to all interested individuals to ensure transparency, openness, and scrupulousness (Kohl, 2016). As hinted earlier, this association has generated mechanisms tailored to attract and maintain other community supportive groups willing and enthusiastic to aid the most disadvantaged and vulnerable community members. However, the donation strategies put in place at Child Fund Australia have resulted in increased dependency ratio in the locality with massive communal proportions depending on the earning subset (Clark, 2014). Relation to Theory discussed in Class and Readings So far it is clear that the theoretical discussions and readings held in class during this course closely correlate with the discourse of this paper. Just at is presented in these deliberation concerning Child Fund Australia, the topic of organizational sustainability has formed a significant segment of the theories described in class. Sustainability measures are crucial fragments needed for the success of any typical organization irrespective of whether it is profit-oriented or not (Thiele, 2013) Stakeholder Concerns Stakeholders are individuals subjected to various risks but willing to take a stake in the body of an association. Stakeholders at Child Fund Australia are concerned mainly with providing welfare aid to the less advantaged and vulnerable individuals in the Australian community. Conclusion As depicted in this paper, sustainability of any typical community-based organization remains a responsibility of all and sundry. Every society member has a crucial role to play to ensure that the association has accomplished its primary goals and objectives. Bibliography Atkison , 2008, The ISIS agreement : how sustainability can improve organizational performance and transform the world, ebook edn, VA : Earthscan, London ; Sterling. Clark, W 2014, Global sustainable communities handbook : green design technologies, eBook edn, an imprint of Elsevier, Amsterdam : Butterworth-Heinemann. Duguid, F, Mundel, K Schugurensky, D 2013, Volunteer work, informal learning and social action, eBook edn, SensePublishers, Rotterdam ; Boston. Gallagher, C 2008, The community life of older people in Ireland, Print book edn, Peter Lang, Bern ; Oxford. JEAN-FRANC?OIS 2015, Financial sustainability for nonprofit organizations., Print book edn, Springer Publishing Company, New York. Kohl, K 2016, Becoming a Sustainable Organization: A Project and Portfolio Management Approach, ebook edn, CRC Press. Musick, MA, Wilson 2008, Volunteers: A Social Profile, ebook edn, Indiana University Press., Bloomington. Roseland, M 2012, Toward Sustainable Communities : Solutions for Citizens and Their Governments., eBook edn, New Society Publishers, New York. Soyka, PA 2012, Creating a sustainable organization : approaches for enhancing corporate value through sustainability, Print book edn, N.J. : FT Press, Upper Saddle River. Stebbins, R Graham , M 2004, Volunteering as leisure/leisure as volunteering : an international assessment, eBook edn, MA : CABI Pub, Wallingford, UK ; Cambridge. Thiele, PL 2013, Sustainability, eBook edn, NY John Wiley Sons , New York. Wittich, B 2013, Attract the Best Volunteers : Stop Recruiting and Start Attracting., Print book edn, BookBaby, Cork.

The Hite Report (1976) A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality Essay Example

The Hite Report (1976): A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality Essay Shere Hite is one of the most influential and controversial figures in sociology scholarship of the last half century. It won’t be an exaggeration to suggest that she is one of the most quoted authors in feminist scholarship; and her most famous work The Hite Report is even popular among lay readers. The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality was published in 1976. This was followed by The Hite Report on Male Sexuality in 1981 and The Hite Report on the Family in 1994. She is seen as an inspiration and role model for many feminist activists and writers for offering them radical new insights into female sexuality in western society. It is for the same reason that she is ostracized and attacked by conservative sections of western society, especially within the United States. Yet, there is no doubt that her contribution is quite significant in the context of the growth of sociology as a field. A prominent feature of the report is its sprawling style of documenting, which some have criticized for being disorganized, lacking in rigor and being repetitious. Yet, all of these charges can be proved incorrect upon closer scrutiny. Admittedly, her methodology was not as sophisticated as far as modern research methods go. Yet, she tried to make it as comprehensive as possible, by presenting subjects (women) with a detailed questionnaire asking them how they had orgasms. She distributed the questionnaire through post to all places within New York City at first. Later she sent out questionnaires to all across the country. On the whole, she followed an elaborate procedure starting from the first stage of conception and compilation of the questionnaire. This comprehensiveness is also evident in her endeavor to circulate the questionnaire to tens of thousands of subjects all across the country, as well as in the systematic compilation and study of responses she received via post. (Mcke e, 1998, p.40) We will write a custom essay sample on The Hite Report (1976): A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hite Report (1976): A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hite Report (1976): A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To illustrate why the report appears repetitious at places, let us consider one of the questions in the questionnaire circulated to women participants: â€Å"Do you enjoy masturbating?† Hite’s objective is not to get a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, but to rather qualitatively assess the act of female masturbation. According to the findings of the report, â€Å"Most women said they enjoyed masturbation physically (after all, it did lead to orgasm), but usually not psychologically†¦Psychologically, they felt lonely, guilty, unwanted, selfish, silly, and generally bad. Other words that were frequently used included uncomfortable, adrift, uneasy, pathetic, ashamed, empty, cheap, dirty, self-centered, silly, disgusted and self-conscious.† (The Hite Report, 1976, p.53) Some of the adjectives in this list might come across as repetitious, but they do bring out subtle differences in how women perceive and experience masturbation. Moreover, the surp rising findings of the report serves as a justification for the excess detail presented therein: â€Å"What she found, from the 3,500 women who replied, was that most women were not able to have orgasms through intercourse alone. What she deduced was that the definition of ‘sex’ as intercourse was ‘sexist’ because it was orientated around reproduction and men’s pleasure rather than women’s. She said intercourse should not be considered ‘the’ sex act, but just one way of making love out of many. This was 24 years ago and such has been the impact of her research that it seems a bit trite and obvious now.† (Ind, 2000, p.15) Considering how radical these revelations are about female sexuality, it is understandable why Hite has repeated information in her report. She was trying to cover all angles by presenting questions with subtle variations. This method would ensure that the intended (as against apparent or stated) answers of the participants would be accurately recorded. There are those who criticize her sample size as being limited or selective. Their assertion is that only â€Å"weird women† would reply to an anonymous questionnaire on the topic of sex. Most of these critics belong to the media, yet the laurels Hite had won in leading universities in the country stand testament to the validity of her methods. It also underscores the relevance and veracity of the inferences arrived by her research. (Mckee, 1998, p.40) Hite’s work is truly comprehensive in covering sexuality of women she also includes same-sex relationships. This includes not just lesbian relationships, but also mother-daughter and sister relationships. The detailed nature of her work is justified by the fact that it delves into all facets of women’s sexuality including same-gender relationships. For example, â€Å"from warring sisters, to mothers jealous of their daughters, to female work colleagues at war, The Hite Report on Women Loving Women reveals why women’s relationships with each other so often end in acrimony.† (Hite, 2007, p.70) In the same vein, her research also includes the subject of sexuality in mature women. Her findings in this area were groundbreaking at the time of their publication. It was previously believed that lithe young women in their 20s are the ones who are having all the fun. According to Hite’s survey, â€Å"it’s women in their 40s who are having the best sex of their lives†¦But it’s hardly to do with ‘the railing at the inevitability of death’ and ‘losing our looks’, as psychologists have claimed. It has more to do with pent-up lust and unexpressed emotions; of words unsaid, and the kind of grown-up sex that probably doesn’t happen at home with a partner. It’s like suddenly seeing the light†¦Older women have always known this, but keep pretty quiet about it because of the mud that is hurled at them if they speak out. A quick glance at the history of female sexuality reveals the roots of this potent taboo†¦.† (The Hite Report, 1976, p.86) To the question ‘How does age affect female sexuality?’, a broad range of answers were received from the participants. Some of the responses began like these â€Å"I feel that I could give two sets of answers to these questions†¦, I would also like to have seen questions asked on ethics – what moral imperatives have we laid on ourselves†¦, At fifty, I have come not to look or hope for an ideal. I think I have poor judgment in men, and besides, no man has seriously approached me in years†¦, I am sure I have loved. I am not sure they were healthy relationships†¦, etc† (The Hite Report, 1976, p.405) We can see that some of these answers overlap at places. In other words, just as there is divergence in responses there is also consensus on some aspects. To learn what these common experiences are, the author had to accommodate a broad sample size at the cost of making the report repetitious and detailed at places.